Studies of arboreal domestication also illustrate the importance of fully understanding the seed dispersal processes in the wild progenitors when studying crop origins. Apple domestication also calls into question the concept of centers of domestication and human intentionality. Unlike in cereal crops, tree domestication appears to have been rapid and driven by hybridization. Interestingly, these data seem to suggest that rosaceous arboreal crops did not follow the same pathway toward domestication as other domesticated, especially annual, plants. Recent genomic and archaeobotanical studies have illuminated parts of the process of domestication in the Rosaceae family. With over a thousand landraces recognized, the modern apple provides a unique case study for understanding plant evolution under human cultivation. The apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most economically and culturally significant fruits in the world today, and it is grown in all temperate zones. Paleoethnobotany Laboratories, Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
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